Oil Refineries, your health
and the environment: what you need to know
What is an oil refinery?
Oil refineries convert crude oil, coal, or natural gases
into fuel (including petrol, diesel, paraffin, kerosene).
There are various processes involved which include heating
and chemical reactions. In SA there are five large refineries
– Caltex (in Cape Town), Engen (in Durban), NATREF in
Sasolburg, and the Shell and BP combined SAPREF refinery (also
in Durban).
Oil refineries pollute
- Oil refineries pollute our air, water, and land.
- Our air is polluted by up to 100 pollutants emitted
from the stacks and leaking equipment at refineries.
- Our land is polluted by the large amount of harmful
waste from refineries which needs to be dumped.
- Our water is polluted by the fallout from air pollution
and by refineries discharging chemical pollutants into waterways.
Accidental oil spills also pollute the groundwater and open
waterways.
Air pollution
Oil refineries cause smog and air pollution. South African
refineries currently pollute at unacceptable, unhealthy levels.
Oil refineries emit about 100 chemicals everyday. These include
metals like lead which makes it hard for children to learn.
They also include very small dust particles called PM10, that
get deep into our lungs and harms our ability to breathe.
Finally, refineries emit many gases like sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxide (NO2), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
methane, dioxins, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, benzene and
others.
The health effects
Many of the gases emitted by refineries are harmful to humans,
and can cause permanent damage and even death. They can cause
respiratory problems (such as asthma, coughing, chest pain,
choking, bronchitis), skin irritations, nausea, eye problems,
headaches, birth defects, leukemia, and cancers. Young children
and the elderly are the worst affected. A study done in Durban
showed that school children at a school situated next to a
refinery suffered between 30% - 40% more respiratory problems
than children living more than 10 km away. There are many
ways for a refinery to reduce the amount of pollution it causes.
However, this usually requires the refinery to install some
equipment. However, refinery companies do not want to spend
money on reducing pollution unless they are forced to do so.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Crude oil and coal both contain relatively high quantities
of sulphur. (Natural gases contain much less sulphur and therefore
are safer.) When crude oil or coal is heated at the refinery
to produce fuel, the sulphur is converted into a gas called
sulphur dioxide. This is a colourless gas with a very strong
smell, like rotten eggs. Exposure to very high concentrations
of SO2 (for example, when there are accidental
leaks at a refinery) can result in painful irritation of the
eyes, nose, mouth and throat, difficulty in breathing, nausea,
vomiting, headaches and even death. Some of the health effects
from daily exposure to outdoor levels of SO2 are
tight chests, worsening of asthma and lung disease, and narrowing
of air passages in the throat and chest. People with asthma
are more sensitive to SO2. Exposure to SO2
can provoke asthma attacks. SO2 mixes easily in
water, including moisture in the air to form an acid. Acid
rain and early morning dew causes much damage to metals, stones,
and the environment. Burning of coal in domestic coal stoves
also causes SO2.
What is a safe level of SO2 exposure?
The amount of SO2 that SA refineries are allowed
to emit is well above what is considered to be a healthy level
by the World Health Organisation. SA refineries are allowed
to emit up to 82, 000 kg per day. In contrast oil refineries
in some countries in Europe produce as little as 2 000 kg
a day.
What are fugitive emissions?
Fugitive emissions are the air pollution which escapes through
leaks in the equipment. Very often the amount of pollution
coming from fugitive emissions is higher than the amount coming
out of the stacks. In SA, refineries are not required to monitor
fugitive emissions.
How clean are SA fuels?
SA refineries often use low quality crude oil that has high
levels of sulphur. When this is refined it produces higher
levels of SO2 pollution.
Common accidents at refineries
Accidental fires, explosions, and chemical and gas leaks
are common at refineries. Such accidents cause higher than
usual amounts of pollution, which may result in more acute
exposure to pollutants and greater health impacts.
Laws and regulations governing refineries
The Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, No 45 of 1965,
is the main law governing air pollution. The Act is very outdated
and needs to be revised to be in line with international standards.
In terms of this Act, no one may operate a refinery without
having a registration certificate (or permit) from DEAT. The
permit sets a limit to the amount of pollution that the refinery
is allowed to emit. If the refinery emits more than the permit
allows it to, then it is breaking the law and can be punished.
Presently, SA refineries do not have to actually measure their
air emissions but may simply estimate or calculate the amount
they are emitting through their stacks. These estimates do
not include fugitive emissions. Remember that very often pollution
from fugitive emissions can by higher than the emissions coming
out of the stacks.
TAKING ACTION
What can you do as a community to work with industry and
government to make refinery operations safe and clean?
Some of the actions you could take include:
- call a community meeting
- do a health survey of your neighbours
- get data on air pollution levels in your area
- ask for the company to provide details of all accidents,
fires, explosions, and worker injuries at the plant recruit
technical or legal experts
- send out a community press release
- talk to workers in the plant
- talk to your local political representatives or councillors
- call groundWork
WHO TO CONTACT:
- groundWork: 033-3425662,
- Legal Resources Center Dbn: 031-3017572; Pretoria: 012-323
7673; Cape Town: 021-4238285
- Group for Environmental Monitoring : 011- 4037666
- South Durban Community Environmental Alliance: 031-261
1991 Table View Residents Association: 083 703 0183
- Chief Air Pollution Control Officer, DEAT: 012-310 3458
- ENGEN: 0800 33 0099
- SAPREF: 0800 33 0090
- CALTEX: 021- 5083911
- Sasolburg All hours complaints number: 016-976 0032
The information pamphlet has been developed from groundWork's
experiences working with refinery communities in South Africa,
in particular with the South Durban Community Environmental
Alliance, the Table View Residents' Association, and the Sasolburg
community. For more information contact:
groundWork , P.O. Box 2375, Pietermaritzburg,3200,
South Africa
Tel: 033-342 5662, Fax: 033- 342 5665,
Email: groundwork@sn.apc.org
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